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| 1 | Editorial | A New Beginning for the <i>Journal of Chest Surgery</i> | 1 - 2 |
| 2 | Editorial | A Milestone in Collaboration: The <i>Journal of Chest Surgery</i> Becomes the Joint Official Journal of the Korean Society for Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery and the Taiwan Society of Thoracic Surgeons | 3 - 4 |
| 3 | Review | Real-Time Fluorescence Imaging for Thoracic Duct Identification during Oesophagectomy: A Systematic Review of the Literature | 5 - 14 |
| 4 | Review | Current Trends in the Epidemiology and Treatment of Esophageal Cancer in South Korea | 15 - 20 |
| 5 | Clinical Research | Endoscopic-Assisted Multivessel Off-Pump Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting: Experience of the First 100 Procedures | 21 - 30 |
| 6 | Commentary | Commentary: Endoscopic Coronary Arterial Bypass: Strike A Balance | 31 - 33 |
| 7 | Clinical Research | Statewide Variation in Practices and Charges for Primary Spontaneous Pneumothorax in Maryland, United States: A Retrospective Study | 34 - 43 |
| 8 | Commentary | Commentary: Statewide Variation and Changes in Practices for Primary Spontaneous Pneumothorax in Maryland, United States: A Retrospective Study | 44 - 45 |
| 9 | Case Report | Histological Findings of ETosis in Hermansky-Pudlak Syndrome with Pulmonary Fibrosis: A Follow-Up Case Report | 46 - 49 |
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Korean J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2014; 47(4): 350-357
Published online August 5, 2014 https://doi.org/10.5090/kjtcs.2014.47.4.350
Copyright © Journal of Chest Surgery.
Kun Il Kim, Won Yong Lee, Ho Hyun Ko, Hyoung Soo Kim, and Jae Han Jeong
Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Hallym University College of Medicine
Correspondence to:Corresponding author: Won Yong Lee, Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, 22 Gwanpyeong-ro 170beon-gil, Dongan-gu, Anyang 431-796, Korea, (Tel) 82-31-380-3815 (Fax) 82-31-380-3815 (E-mail) lwy1206@hallym.or.kr
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Conservation of blood during cardiac surgery is important because of the shortage of donor blood, risks associated with transfusion, and the costs of allogeneic blood products. This retrospective study explored the feasibility of off-pump coronary artery bypass (OPCAB) without transfusion. One hundred and two consecutive patients underwent OPCAB from January 2007 to June 2012 at Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital. Excluding 10 chronic renal failures patients, 102 patients were enrolled. Their characteristics, clinical data, and laboratory data were analyzed. We investigated the success rate of OPCAB without transfusion according to pre-operative hemoglobin (Hb), and the cutoff point of the Hb level and the risk factors for transfusion. We implemented multidisciplinary blood-saving protocols. The overall operative mortality and the success rate of OPCAB without transfusion were 2.9% (3/102) and 73.5% (75/102). The success rates in patients with Hb<11, 11 The preoperative Hb level of >11 facilitates OPCAB without transfusion. These results suggest that transfusion-free OPCAB can be performed by modifying the risk factors and correctable causes of transfusion and improving various blood salvage methods.Background
Methods
Results
Conclusion
Keywords: Blood transfusion, Off-pump coronary artery bypass, Anemia
Conservative use of transfusion in cardiac surgery is warranted because of the infectious and non-infectious complications of allogeneic blood products. Current shortages of donor blood and costs of these products need a careful application of the transfusion. Blood transfusion in cardiac surgery has been strictly regulated in western countries, but there is no general consensus or guideline on the appropriate use of allogeneic blood products in Korea [1,2].
Recent studies described the preoperative hemoglobin (Hb) level as a risk factor for transfusion, morbidity, and mortality, but few trials have been conducted to evaluate the appropriate Hb level required to facilitate transfusion-free cardiac surgery. Compared with conventional coronary artery bypass graft (CABG), off-pump coronary artery bypass (OPCAB) has advantages for performing transfusion-free surgery, such as reduction of blood loss and relatively less hemodilution related to cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) [3–5].
This retrospective study were undertaken to investigate the success rate for OPCAB without transfusion according to the preoperative Hb level; an appropriate cutoff point of the Hb level, which could facilitate transfusion-free surgery; and the risk factors for the need for transfusion.
One hundred and two consecutive patients underwent OPCAB at Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital from January 2007 to June 2012 by a single surgeon. Excluding 10 chronic renal failures, 102 patients were enrolled in this retrospective study, which was approved by our institutional review board, and the need for an informed consent from the patients was waived. We collected the following data from our institutional database.
Age, sex, and body mass index (BMI); laboratory data: Hb, platelet, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine (Cr), albumin values, and left ventricular ejection fraction; medication: aspirin and clopidogrel; comorbidity: hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, and cerebrovascular accident (CVA); and diagnosis: acute myocardial infarction (AMI).
Number of grafts, operation time, number of intraoperative autologous donation (IAD), and total amount of intraoperative fluid infusion (Table 1).
Total amount of chest tube drainage; ventilator time; left ventricular ejection fraction; Hb, platelet, BUN, Cr, and albumin values; and complications (Table 2).
The anesthesia technique was standardized for all patients. In brief, this consisted of intravenous anesthesia with propofol, etomidate, and sodium thiopental. Neuromuscular blockade was achieved with rocuronium bromide. Anesthesia was maintained by the use of a fentanyl-midazolam solution and the inhalation of sevoflurane. Intraoperative fluid administration was implemented together with normal saline, hydroxyethyl starch solution, and plasma solution-A.
After induction of anesthesia and before systemic heparinization, blood was drawn by gravity through the proximal port of the sheath of a Swan-Ganz catheter (Baxter Healthcare Co., Irvine, CA, USA) placed into the internal jugular vein and was collected into a sterile bag containing citrate–phosphate–dextrose (Baxter Healthcare Co., Deerfield, IL, USA). IAD was performed according to the intraoperative Hb level. One unit of fresh whole blood was collected from the patients with Hb level<11, 2 units from patients with 11 < Hb<13, and 3 units from patients with 13>Hb. A crystalloid and colloid solution was infused at the two-fold amount of the withdrawn blood in order to maintain the systolic blood pressure at above 90 mmHg. Reinfusion of the harvested autologous blood was started after administering protamine and confirming the absence of major surgical bleeding.
A trigger point of the Hb level for the transfusion was 7.0 g/dL in the operating theater, postoperatively 8.0 g/dL in stable patients, and 10.0 g/dL in cases of hypotension or excessive bleeding. Heparin was given at a dose of 300 IU/kg to achieve the target activated clotting time (ACT) of 400 seconds or above before dividing the internal mammary artery. It was reversed with protamine sulfate in the proportion of 1:0.7.
Conventional median sternotomy and preparation of conduits were undertaken by using a standard technique. In all the cases, the left internal mammary artery was anastomosed to the left anterior descending artery. For additional grafts, the radial artery and the greater saphenous vein were used. Cardiac exposure and stabilization was achieved by Octopus Tissue Stabilizer (Medtronic Inc., Minneapolis, MN, USA). The target vessels were exposed and snared above the anastomotic site by using a 4.0 prolene suture (Ethicon Inc., Somerville, NJ, USA) with a pledget to prevent coronary injury and reduce blood loss. An intracoronary shunt (Anastoflo Intravascular Shunt; Research Medical Inc., Salt Lake City, UT, USA) was used only in cases of hemodynamic instability. A cell-saving device was used routinely with frequent infusions of the salvaged blood as collected.
Two chest tubes were placed in the mediastinum, and additional tubes were left in the pleura as needed. Indications for reopening were a blood loss of greater than 600 mL over the first 2 hours, greater than 400 mL for 2 consecutive hours, and then, greater than 300 mL for 3 consecutive hours. Additional protamine sulfate of 25 to 50 mg/dose was infused in relation to the prolonged ACT or excessive bleeding. Postoperative fluid management consisted of 5% dextrose and colloid solutions including pentastarch and normal saline in the case of diabetes. Artificial ventilators were weaned from patients as soon as they were fully awake and recovered from anesthesia.
All data are presented as number with percentage for categorical variables and mean with standard deviation for continuous variables. Differences between groups were tested using the chi-square test, Fisher’s exact test, and Student t-test.
The univariate association between the risk factors and the transfusion was tested using a logistic regression analysis, generating an odds ratio with a 95% confidence interval (CI). We included all the factors at a probability value of less than 0.1 in the multivariable analysis.
To explore the cutoff value for transfusion-free OPCAB, we used the descriptive analysis of the modified Wald test according to the preoperative Hb level. Patients were divided into groups on the basis of their preoperative Hb level. Their success rates of transfusion-free OPCAB were expressed with percentage±95% CI. We confirmed no existence of the over-lapping of the bars expressing the percentage of the success rate (mean±95% CI) among groups. In addition, we tested the success rate in relation to the preoperative Hb level by using a logistic regression analysis (Fig. 1).
A probability value of less than 0.05 was considered significant for all the statistical tests. Statistical calculations were performed using a computerized statistical program, SPSS ver. 13.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA).
From January 2007 to June 2012, 102 patients were enrolled in this study on whom consecutive OPCAB had been performed at Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital. Tables 1 and 2 show the patients’ characteristics, comorbidity, diagnosis, preoperative antiplatelet therapy, laboratory data, left ventricular ejection fraction, operative data, and complications. Three patients died in the hospital for an overall mortality of 2.9% (3/102). One patient suffered from cardiogenic shock and acute renal failure, and died on postoperative day 3. Two patients experienced excessive bleeding and massive transfusion without reopening, and died of pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome on day 22 and 29. They all received allogenic-packed red blood cells (RBC) of 4, 24, and 17 U, respectively. Complications were acute renal failure in 2 patients and pneumonia in 5 patients. No reopening for bleeding or wound infection was done. No CVA occurred.
The overall success rate of OPCAB without transfusion was 73.5% (75/102). To investigate the cutoff value of Hb for transfusion-free OPCAB, the patients were separated according to the preoperative Hb level of 11 and 14 g/dL, and examined by the descriptive analysis of the modified Wald test. The success rate of OPCAB without transfusion was significantly lower in patients with an Hb level of 11 or less, compared with patients with 11
The causes of transfusion were anemia in 9 patients, and hypotension or excessive bleeding in 18 patients. The leading cause of transfusion was preoperative anemia in patients with an Hb level of <11, compared with hypotension or excessive bleeding in patients with Hb>11 (53.5%; 85.7%; p=0.046). The total amounts of packed RBC transfusion were mean 5.88±5.04 U (Table 3). Fig. 2 shows the serial changes in the Hb level. Hb levels in postoperative month 3 tended to recover to the preoperative levels irrespective of the transfusion amount.
To analyze the risk factors of the transfusion, we compared the data between the transfusion and the non-transfusion groups. The univariate analysis is shown in Tables 1 and 2. The predictors for transfusion are age, diagnosis of AMI, pre-operative Hb level, platelet, and albumin level, BUN, Cr value, operation time, amount of IAD, total amount of chest tube drainage, and ventilator time. Table 4 reveals that age of >70 years, diagnosis of AMI, preoperative Hb level of <11 g/dL, preoperative Cr value of >1.3 mg/dL, and operation time are the independent predictors for transfusion in a multivariate logistic regression analysis.
Despite improvements in the donor-screening methods, there is still an important risk related to the transfusion of allogeneic blood products, such as the transmission of viral infections, the induction of immunologic reactions, and the suppression of the immune system. Moreover, a shortage of donor blood has been a major social issue in Korea. Thus far, there has been no general consensus on using allogeneic blood products in cardiac surgery.
Conventional CABG patients with CPB are at increased risk of perioperative blood loss requiring a transfusion of blood products. CPB leads to thrombocytopenia and platelet dysfunction, dilution and consumption of coagulation factors, hyperfibrinolysis, and a residual heparin effect [6]. Recently, there has been an increasing interest in OPCAB with the suggestion that this may avoid the complication of CPB and reduce postoperative blood loss and morbidity [7].
Preoperative anemia has been identified as the single-most important determinant of transfusion, particularly when the platelet count is low, and has been shown to increase the risk of acute kidney injury [8]. Further, anemic patients are at a higher risk for postoperative bleeding and mortality [9]. Preoperative anemia was defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) using a gender-based definition of Hb <12.0 g/dL for women and Hb<13.0 g/dL for men. We found that the cutoff point of the Hb level was 11.0 g/dL for OPCAB without transfusion in the descriptive analysis of the modified Wald test and a regression analysis. This corresponds to the preoperative anemic criteria in both genders from the WHO. Nonetheless, we were able to perform OPCAB with an overall transfusion rate of 26.5%. This might have been feasible by using a multidisciplinary blood-saving protocol, such as the restrictive use of a transfusion triggered by the Hb level of 8.0 g/dL, IAD, cell salvage device, medication including iron agents and various vitamins, and meticulous hemostasis. However, we did not use erythropoietin, aprotinin, epsilon-aminocaproic acid, or tranexamic acid.
Historically, an Hb level of 10 g/dL and a hematocrit of 30% were common triggers for an RBC transfusion. The Society of Thoracic Surgeons (STS) guidelines suggest that for patients after cardiac operations with Hb levels of <6 g/dL, RBC transfusion is reasonable and can be lifesaving, while the transfusion of RBCs is reasonable in most surgical patients with a Hb level of 7 g/dL or less, but no high-level evidence supports this recommendation [10]. Many recent studies show larger differences in transfusion in practice [11,12]. A survey of nearly 25,000 CABG patients in institutions across the United States revealed large inter-institutional differences. The allogeneic blood use ranged from 50% to 100% of the patients according to the institutions. Seventy-eight point five percent of the male and 93.6% of the female patients received allogeneic blood products during their hospital stay [13].
We found that the patients, particularly old and female patients, complained of tachycardia, dyspnea, orthostatic hypotension, pleural effusion, and elevated BUN and Cr values in spite of an Hb level of 8.0 g/dL or more. Currently, our trigger point of transfusion is an Hb level of 8.0 g/dL in typical cases and 10.0 g/dL in patients with hypotension or excessive bleeding. Despite a more liberal use of allogeneic blood products with respect to the STS guidelines, we reached an overall success rate of OPCAB without transfusion of 73.5%.
Our success rate can partly be attributed to IAD. It provides benefits by sheltering patients’ blood from heparin and saving their platelet and coagulation factors, and complement systems. This also avoids their exposure to inflammatory reactions and nourishes the fresh platelet and coagulation factors postoperatively to enhance hemostasis [10,14]. Fig. 2 shows similar levels of the lowest Hb level in the transfusion and the non-transfusion patients, in spite of the different amounts of IAD. These resulted from a calculated autologous donation according to the preoperative Hb levels. The recently released guidelines on myocardial revascularization from the European Society of Cardiology and European Association of Cardiothoracic Surgery suggest postponing exercise tests in patients who have undergone CABG if the Hb value is less than 10 g/dL at the onset of rehabilitation [15]. Our patients recovered the preoperative Hb level of >10 g/dL in postoperative month 3 irrespective of the transfusion amount. We transfused the blood salvaged by cell-saving devices in multiple doses as collected in order to avoid an intraoperative crystalloid fluid overload [10,16].
The causes of transfusion in our study were preoperative anemia, hypotension, and excessive bleeding. The latter two factors might be correctable. Our patients received 5.88±5.04 U of packed RBCs, excluding mortality patients. A few patients were transfused massively because of hemodynamic instability or bleeding, but small quantities of packed RBCs were administered to most of the stable patients in this study. We can reduce the total amount of packed RBCs and the number of transfused patients by modifying the correctable causes, mainly excessive bleeding.
As the risk factors in the univariate and multivariate analyses, preoperative Hb and Cr levels, age of >70 years, diagnosis of AMI, and operation time were independent predictors of a transfusion. In recent studies, several authors described small BMI, women, comorbidities such as diabetes, low left ventricular ejection fraction, and antiplatelet agents as independent predictors of a transfusion [17–20]. However, we did not find their correlation because of the small population of this study. This analysis has more limitations similar to those of any retrospective database-generated observational study. Our data lack some important coagulation profiles and laboratory data. The study period is also too short to conclude the long-term outcomes.
Since 2007, we started to implement a multidisciplinary blood-saving protocol, and this study was conducted in our early experience era. We can expect to increase the success rate in the future by modifying several blood-saving techniques and guidelines.
In conclusion, we performed OPCAB without transfusion with a success rate of 73.5%. The cutoff point of the Hb level to facilitate transfusion-free OPCAB was 11 g/dL. The independent predictors of the transfusion were preoperative Hb and Cr levels, age of >70 years, diagnosis of AMI, and operation time. Some causes of transfusion might be avoidable by improving multidisciplinary blood-saving techniques.
Fig. 1.Success rate of OPCAB without transfusion according to pre-operative Hb level. Descriptive analysis by modified Wald test used for calculating success rate of transfusion-free OPCAB. Log regression analysis performed to compare the success rate. OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; OPCAB, off-pump coronary artery bypass; Hb, hemoglobin.
Fig. 2.Serial changes in Hb. Hb, hemoglobin; Postop, postoperative. a)p<0.05.
Demographic, preoperative, and operative characteristics
| Variable | Transfusion group (n=27) | Non-transfusion group (n=75) | Total (n=102) | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (yr) | 70.7±8.1 | 62.6±10.0 | 64.7±10.2 | <0.001 |
| Body mass index | 1.67±0.16 | 1.72±0.14 | 1.71±0.14 | 0.145 |
| Sex (female) | 8 (29.6) | 17 (22.7) | 25 (24.5) | 0.471 |
| Comorbidities | ||||
| Hypertension | 16 (59.3) | 54 (72.0) | 70 (68.8) | 0.221 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 14 (51.9) | 34 (45.3) | 48 (47.1) | 0.565 |
| Dyslipidemia | 16 (59.3) | 57 (76.0) | 73 (71.6) | 0.091 |
| Old cerebrovascular accident | 2 (7.4) | 9 (12.0) | 11 (10.8) | 0.509 |
| Diagnosis | ||||
| Acute myocardial infarction | 11 (40.7) | 9 (12.0) | 20 (19.3) | 0.001 |
| Medication | ||||
| Aspirin (+) | 26 (96.3) | 70 (93.3) | 96 (94.1) | 0.575 |
| Clopidogrel (+) | 19 (70.4) | 44 (58.7) | 63 (61.8) | 0.283 |
| Preoperative laboratory data | ||||
| Hemoglobin (g/dL) | 11.4±2.0 | 13.4±1.6 | 12.8±1.9 | <0.001 |
| Hemoglobin<11 | 13 (48.1) | 7 (9.3) | 21 (20.6) | <0.001 |
| Platelet count (×10^3/dL) | 224±72.6 | 264.9±85.1 | 255.0±83.7 | 0.037 |
| Blood urea nitrogen (mg/dL) | 21.5±13.5 | 16.5±6.1 | 17.8±8.9 | 0.011 |
| Creatinine (mg/dL) | 1.3±1.1 | 0.9±0.4 | 1.0±0.7 | 0.021 |
| Albumin (g/dL) | 3.6±0.5 | 4.1±0.4 | 4.0±0.5 | <0.001 |
| Preoperative left ventricular ejection fraction (%) | 49.1±14.0 | 53.6±12.0 | 52.5±12.6 | 0.134 |
| Operative data | ||||
| No. of grafts | 3.0±0.6 | 3.3±0.7 | 3.2±0.7 | 0.089 |
| Intraoperative autologous donation count (unit) | 1.6±0.8 | 2.5±0.8 | 2.3±0.9 | <0.001 |
| Operation time (hr) | 5.8±0.9 | 5.3±0.7 | 5.4±0.8 | 0.005 |
| Intraop fluid (L) | 3.4±0.7 | 3.6±0.9 | 3.6±0.9 | 0.259 |
Postoperative characteristics and clinical outcome
| Variable | Transfusion group (n=27) | Non-transfusion group (n=75) | Total (n=102) | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clinical data | ||||
| Chest tube drainage-total (mL) | 1,354.6±1,245.6 | 687.5±359.3 | 847.0±738.2 | <0.001 |
| Ventilator time (hr) | 7.9±5.1 | 4.3±2.9 | 5.1±3.9 | <0.001 |
| Postop left ventricular ejection fraction (%) | 51.0±12.6 | 55.3±12.1 | 54.2±12.3 | 0.127 |
| Postop laboratory data | ||||
| Hb #1 (g/dL) | 12.0±1.4 | 11.1±1.4 | 11.3±1.4 | 0.008 |
| Hb #7 (g/dL) | 11.7±1.5 | 11.0±1.7 | 11.1±1.7 | 0.081 |
| Plt #1 (×103/dL) | 130.5±47.6 | 207.3±76.4 | 188.7±77.6 | <0.001 |
| Plt #2 (×103/dL) | 115.3±54.6 | 159.6±60.7 | 148.9±62.0 | 0.002 |
| BUN #1 (mg/dL) | 21.6±11.7 | 15.4±6.9 | 16.9±8.7 | 0.002 |
| BUN #7 (mg/dL) | 24.5±17.5 | 16.5±9.3 | 18.4±12.2 | 0.005 |
| Cr #1 (mg/dL) | 1.19±0.91 | 0.85±0.43 | 0.93±0.59 | 0.014 |
| Cr #7 (mg/dL) | 1.39±1.19 | 0.96±0.48 | 1.07±0.73 | 0.012 |
| Alb #1 (g/dL) | 2.9±0.3 | 3.0±0.4 | 2.9±0.4 | 0.278 |
| Alb #2 (g/dL) | 2.9±0.3 | 3.1±0.3 | 3.0±0.3 | 0.038 |
| Mortality | 3 (11.1) | 0 | 3 (2.9) | 0.021 |
| Cardiac | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0.265 |
| Acute respiratory distress syndrome | 2 | 0 | 2 | 0.062 |
| Complication | ||||
| Acute renal failure | 2 (7.4) | 0 | 2 (2.0) | 0.062 |
| Pneumonia | 3 (11.1) | 2 (2.7) | 5 (4.9) | 0.111 |
Transfusion profile
| Variable | Hb<11 | Hb>11 | Total | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cause of transfusion | ||||
| Anemia | 7 (53.8) | 2 (14.3) | 9 (33.3) | |
| Hypotension or bleeding | 6 (46.2) | 12 (85.7) | 18 (66.7) | |
| Total | 13 (100.0) | 14 (100.0) | 27 (100.0) | 0.046 |
| Amount of transfusion | ||||
| Intraoperative | 3.83±1.64 | 3.5±2.71 | 3.67±2.20 | 0.712 |
| Postoperative 4 hours | 0.75±1.21 | 0.5±0.52 | 0.63±0.92 | 0.515 |
| Postoperative 4 hours–1 day | 0.42±0.90 | 0.67±0.98 | 0.54±0.93 | 0.523 |
| Total | 7±6.71 | 4.75±2.30 | 5.88±5.04 | 0.287 |
Multivariate analysis of perioperative predictors associated with transfusion
| Variable | Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (>70 yr) | 5.1 | 1.3–19.8 | 0.02 |
| Acute myocardial infarction | 4.7 | 1.1–19.6 | 0.04 |
| Preoperative hemoglobin (<11 g/dL) | 14.7 | 3.0–71.8 | 0.01 |
| Preoperative creatinine (>1.3 mg/dL) | 6.8 | 1.2–39.0 | 0.03 |
| Operation time (hr) | 3.1 | 1.2–8.1 | 0.02 |
Korean J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2014; 47(4): 350-357
Published online August 5, 2014 https://doi.org/10.5090/kjtcs.2014.47.4.350
Copyright © Journal of Chest Surgery.
Kun Il Kim, Won Yong Lee, Ho Hyun Ko, Hyoung Soo Kim, and Jae Han Jeong
Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Hallym University College of Medicine
Correspondence to:Corresponding author: Won Yong Lee, Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, 22 Gwanpyeong-ro 170beon-gil, Dongan-gu, Anyang 431-796, Korea, (Tel) 82-31-380-3815 (Fax) 82-31-380-3815 (E-mail) lwy1206@hallym.or.kr
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Conservation of blood during cardiac surgery is important because of the shortage of donor blood, risks associated with transfusion, and the costs of allogeneic blood products. This retrospective study explored the feasibility of off-pump coronary artery bypass (OPCAB) without transfusion. One hundred and two consecutive patients underwent OPCAB from January 2007 to June 2012 at Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital. Excluding 10 chronic renal failures patients, 102 patients were enrolled. Their characteristics, clinical data, and laboratory data were analyzed. We investigated the success rate of OPCAB without transfusion according to pre-operative hemoglobin (Hb), and the cutoff point of the Hb level and the risk factors for transfusion. We implemented multidisciplinary blood-saving protocols. The overall operative mortality and the success rate of OPCAB without transfusion were 2.9% (3/102) and 73.5% (75/102). The success rates in patients with Hb<11, 11 The preoperative Hb level of >11 facilitates OPCAB without transfusion. These results suggest that transfusion-free OPCAB can be performed by modifying the risk factors and correctable causes of transfusion and improving various blood salvage methods.Background
Methods
Results
Conclusion
Keywords: Blood transfusion, Off-pump coronary artery bypass, Anemia
Conservative use of transfusion in cardiac surgery is warranted because of the infectious and non-infectious complications of allogeneic blood products. Current shortages of donor blood and costs of these products need a careful application of the transfusion. Blood transfusion in cardiac surgery has been strictly regulated in western countries, but there is no general consensus or guideline on the appropriate use of allogeneic blood products in Korea [1,2].
Recent studies described the preoperative hemoglobin (Hb) level as a risk factor for transfusion, morbidity, and mortality, but few trials have been conducted to evaluate the appropriate Hb level required to facilitate transfusion-free cardiac surgery. Compared with conventional coronary artery bypass graft (CABG), off-pump coronary artery bypass (OPCAB) has advantages for performing transfusion-free surgery, such as reduction of blood loss and relatively less hemodilution related to cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) [3–5].
This retrospective study were undertaken to investigate the success rate for OPCAB without transfusion according to the preoperative Hb level; an appropriate cutoff point of the Hb level, which could facilitate transfusion-free surgery; and the risk factors for the need for transfusion.
One hundred and two consecutive patients underwent OPCAB at Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital from January 2007 to June 2012 by a single surgeon. Excluding 10 chronic renal failures, 102 patients were enrolled in this retrospective study, which was approved by our institutional review board, and the need for an informed consent from the patients was waived. We collected the following data from our institutional database.
Age, sex, and body mass index (BMI); laboratory data: Hb, platelet, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine (Cr), albumin values, and left ventricular ejection fraction; medication: aspirin and clopidogrel; comorbidity: hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, and cerebrovascular accident (CVA); and diagnosis: acute myocardial infarction (AMI).
Number of grafts, operation time, number of intraoperative autologous donation (IAD), and total amount of intraoperative fluid infusion (Table 1).
Total amount of chest tube drainage; ventilator time; left ventricular ejection fraction; Hb, platelet, BUN, Cr, and albumin values; and complications (Table 2).
The anesthesia technique was standardized for all patients. In brief, this consisted of intravenous anesthesia with propofol, etomidate, and sodium thiopental. Neuromuscular blockade was achieved with rocuronium bromide. Anesthesia was maintained by the use of a fentanyl-midazolam solution and the inhalation of sevoflurane. Intraoperative fluid administration was implemented together with normal saline, hydroxyethyl starch solution, and plasma solution-A.
After induction of anesthesia and before systemic heparinization, blood was drawn by gravity through the proximal port of the sheath of a Swan-Ganz catheter (Baxter Healthcare Co., Irvine, CA, USA) placed into the internal jugular vein and was collected into a sterile bag containing citrate–phosphate–dextrose (Baxter Healthcare Co., Deerfield, IL, USA). IAD was performed according to the intraoperative Hb level. One unit of fresh whole blood was collected from the patients with Hb level<11, 2 units from patients with 11 < Hb<13, and 3 units from patients with 13>Hb. A crystalloid and colloid solution was infused at the two-fold amount of the withdrawn blood in order to maintain the systolic blood pressure at above 90 mmHg. Reinfusion of the harvested autologous blood was started after administering protamine and confirming the absence of major surgical bleeding.
A trigger point of the Hb level for the transfusion was 7.0 g/dL in the operating theater, postoperatively 8.0 g/dL in stable patients, and 10.0 g/dL in cases of hypotension or excessive bleeding. Heparin was given at a dose of 300 IU/kg to achieve the target activated clotting time (ACT) of 400 seconds or above before dividing the internal mammary artery. It was reversed with protamine sulfate in the proportion of 1:0.7.
Conventional median sternotomy and preparation of conduits were undertaken by using a standard technique. In all the cases, the left internal mammary artery was anastomosed to the left anterior descending artery. For additional grafts, the radial artery and the greater saphenous vein were used. Cardiac exposure and stabilization was achieved by Octopus Tissue Stabilizer (Medtronic Inc., Minneapolis, MN, USA). The target vessels were exposed and snared above the anastomotic site by using a 4.0 prolene suture (Ethicon Inc., Somerville, NJ, USA) with a pledget to prevent coronary injury and reduce blood loss. An intracoronary shunt (Anastoflo Intravascular Shunt; Research Medical Inc., Salt Lake City, UT, USA) was used only in cases of hemodynamic instability. A cell-saving device was used routinely with frequent infusions of the salvaged blood as collected.
Two chest tubes were placed in the mediastinum, and additional tubes were left in the pleura as needed. Indications for reopening were a blood loss of greater than 600 mL over the first 2 hours, greater than 400 mL for 2 consecutive hours, and then, greater than 300 mL for 3 consecutive hours. Additional protamine sulfate of 25 to 50 mg/dose was infused in relation to the prolonged ACT or excessive bleeding. Postoperative fluid management consisted of 5% dextrose and colloid solutions including pentastarch and normal saline in the case of diabetes. Artificial ventilators were weaned from patients as soon as they were fully awake and recovered from anesthesia.
All data are presented as number with percentage for categorical variables and mean with standard deviation for continuous variables. Differences between groups were tested using the chi-square test, Fisher’s exact test, and Student t-test.
The univariate association between the risk factors and the transfusion was tested using a logistic regression analysis, generating an odds ratio with a 95% confidence interval (CI). We included all the factors at a probability value of less than 0.1 in the multivariable analysis.
To explore the cutoff value for transfusion-free OPCAB, we used the descriptive analysis of the modified Wald test according to the preoperative Hb level. Patients were divided into groups on the basis of their preoperative Hb level. Their success rates of transfusion-free OPCAB were expressed with percentage±95% CI. We confirmed no existence of the over-lapping of the bars expressing the percentage of the success rate (mean±95% CI) among groups. In addition, we tested the success rate in relation to the preoperative Hb level by using a logistic regression analysis (Fig. 1).
A probability value of less than 0.05 was considered significant for all the statistical tests. Statistical calculations were performed using a computerized statistical program, SPSS ver. 13.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA).
From January 2007 to June 2012, 102 patients were enrolled in this study on whom consecutive OPCAB had been performed at Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital. Tables 1 and 2 show the patients’ characteristics, comorbidity, diagnosis, preoperative antiplatelet therapy, laboratory data, left ventricular ejection fraction, operative data, and complications. Three patients died in the hospital for an overall mortality of 2.9% (3/102). One patient suffered from cardiogenic shock and acute renal failure, and died on postoperative day 3. Two patients experienced excessive bleeding and massive transfusion without reopening, and died of pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome on day 22 and 29. They all received allogenic-packed red blood cells (RBC) of 4, 24, and 17 U, respectively. Complications were acute renal failure in 2 patients and pneumonia in 5 patients. No reopening for bleeding or wound infection was done. No CVA occurred.
The overall success rate of OPCAB without transfusion was 73.5% (75/102). To investigate the cutoff value of Hb for transfusion-free OPCAB, the patients were separated according to the preoperative Hb level of 11 and 14 g/dL, and examined by the descriptive analysis of the modified Wald test. The success rate of OPCAB without transfusion was significantly lower in patients with an Hb level of 11 or less, compared with patients with 11
The causes of transfusion were anemia in 9 patients, and hypotension or excessive bleeding in 18 patients. The leading cause of transfusion was preoperative anemia in patients with an Hb level of <11, compared with hypotension or excessive bleeding in patients with Hb>11 (53.5%; 85.7%; p=0.046). The total amounts of packed RBC transfusion were mean 5.88±5.04 U (Table 3). Fig. 2 shows the serial changes in the Hb level. Hb levels in postoperative month 3 tended to recover to the preoperative levels irrespective of the transfusion amount.
To analyze the risk factors of the transfusion, we compared the data between the transfusion and the non-transfusion groups. The univariate analysis is shown in Tables 1 and 2. The predictors for transfusion are age, diagnosis of AMI, pre-operative Hb level, platelet, and albumin level, BUN, Cr value, operation time, amount of IAD, total amount of chest tube drainage, and ventilator time. Table 4 reveals that age of >70 years, diagnosis of AMI, preoperative Hb level of <11 g/dL, preoperative Cr value of >1.3 mg/dL, and operation time are the independent predictors for transfusion in a multivariate logistic regression analysis.
Despite improvements in the donor-screening methods, there is still an important risk related to the transfusion of allogeneic blood products, such as the transmission of viral infections, the induction of immunologic reactions, and the suppression of the immune system. Moreover, a shortage of donor blood has been a major social issue in Korea. Thus far, there has been no general consensus on using allogeneic blood products in cardiac surgery.
Conventional CABG patients with CPB are at increased risk of perioperative blood loss requiring a transfusion of blood products. CPB leads to thrombocytopenia and platelet dysfunction, dilution and consumption of coagulation factors, hyperfibrinolysis, and a residual heparin effect [6]. Recently, there has been an increasing interest in OPCAB with the suggestion that this may avoid the complication of CPB and reduce postoperative blood loss and morbidity [7].
Preoperative anemia has been identified as the single-most important determinant of transfusion, particularly when the platelet count is low, and has been shown to increase the risk of acute kidney injury [8]. Further, anemic patients are at a higher risk for postoperative bleeding and mortality [9]. Preoperative anemia was defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) using a gender-based definition of Hb <12.0 g/dL for women and Hb<13.0 g/dL for men. We found that the cutoff point of the Hb level was 11.0 g/dL for OPCAB without transfusion in the descriptive analysis of the modified Wald test and a regression analysis. This corresponds to the preoperative anemic criteria in both genders from the WHO. Nonetheless, we were able to perform OPCAB with an overall transfusion rate of 26.5%. This might have been feasible by using a multidisciplinary blood-saving protocol, such as the restrictive use of a transfusion triggered by the Hb level of 8.0 g/dL, IAD, cell salvage device, medication including iron agents and various vitamins, and meticulous hemostasis. However, we did not use erythropoietin, aprotinin, epsilon-aminocaproic acid, or tranexamic acid.
Historically, an Hb level of 10 g/dL and a hematocrit of 30% were common triggers for an RBC transfusion. The Society of Thoracic Surgeons (STS) guidelines suggest that for patients after cardiac operations with Hb levels of <6 g/dL, RBC transfusion is reasonable and can be lifesaving, while the transfusion of RBCs is reasonable in most surgical patients with a Hb level of 7 g/dL or less, but no high-level evidence supports this recommendation [10]. Many recent studies show larger differences in transfusion in practice [11,12]. A survey of nearly 25,000 CABG patients in institutions across the United States revealed large inter-institutional differences. The allogeneic blood use ranged from 50% to 100% of the patients according to the institutions. Seventy-eight point five percent of the male and 93.6% of the female patients received allogeneic blood products during their hospital stay [13].
We found that the patients, particularly old and female patients, complained of tachycardia, dyspnea, orthostatic hypotension, pleural effusion, and elevated BUN and Cr values in spite of an Hb level of 8.0 g/dL or more. Currently, our trigger point of transfusion is an Hb level of 8.0 g/dL in typical cases and 10.0 g/dL in patients with hypotension or excessive bleeding. Despite a more liberal use of allogeneic blood products with respect to the STS guidelines, we reached an overall success rate of OPCAB without transfusion of 73.5%.
Our success rate can partly be attributed to IAD. It provides benefits by sheltering patients’ blood from heparin and saving their platelet and coagulation factors, and complement systems. This also avoids their exposure to inflammatory reactions and nourishes the fresh platelet and coagulation factors postoperatively to enhance hemostasis [10,14]. Fig. 2 shows similar levels of the lowest Hb level in the transfusion and the non-transfusion patients, in spite of the different amounts of IAD. These resulted from a calculated autologous donation according to the preoperative Hb levels. The recently released guidelines on myocardial revascularization from the European Society of Cardiology and European Association of Cardiothoracic Surgery suggest postponing exercise tests in patients who have undergone CABG if the Hb value is less than 10 g/dL at the onset of rehabilitation [15]. Our patients recovered the preoperative Hb level of >10 g/dL in postoperative month 3 irrespective of the transfusion amount. We transfused the blood salvaged by cell-saving devices in multiple doses as collected in order to avoid an intraoperative crystalloid fluid overload [10,16].
The causes of transfusion in our study were preoperative anemia, hypotension, and excessive bleeding. The latter two factors might be correctable. Our patients received 5.88±5.04 U of packed RBCs, excluding mortality patients. A few patients were transfused massively because of hemodynamic instability or bleeding, but small quantities of packed RBCs were administered to most of the stable patients in this study. We can reduce the total amount of packed RBCs and the number of transfused patients by modifying the correctable causes, mainly excessive bleeding.
As the risk factors in the univariate and multivariate analyses, preoperative Hb and Cr levels, age of >70 years, diagnosis of AMI, and operation time were independent predictors of a transfusion. In recent studies, several authors described small BMI, women, comorbidities such as diabetes, low left ventricular ejection fraction, and antiplatelet agents as independent predictors of a transfusion [17–20]. However, we did not find their correlation because of the small population of this study. This analysis has more limitations similar to those of any retrospective database-generated observational study. Our data lack some important coagulation profiles and laboratory data. The study period is also too short to conclude the long-term outcomes.
Since 2007, we started to implement a multidisciplinary blood-saving protocol, and this study was conducted in our early experience era. We can expect to increase the success rate in the future by modifying several blood-saving techniques and guidelines.
In conclusion, we performed OPCAB without transfusion with a success rate of 73.5%. The cutoff point of the Hb level to facilitate transfusion-free OPCAB was 11 g/dL. The independent predictors of the transfusion were preoperative Hb and Cr levels, age of >70 years, diagnosis of AMI, and operation time. Some causes of transfusion might be avoidable by improving multidisciplinary blood-saving techniques.
Table 1 . Demographic, preoperative, and operative characteristics.
| Variable | Transfusion group (n=27) | Non-transfusion group (n=75) | Total (n=102) | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (yr) | 70.7±8.1 | 62.6±10.0 | 64.7±10.2 | <0.001 |
| Body mass index | 1.67±0.16 | 1.72±0.14 | 1.71±0.14 | 0.145 |
| Sex (female) | 8 (29.6) | 17 (22.7) | 25 (24.5) | 0.471 |
| Comorbidities | ||||
| Hypertension | 16 (59.3) | 54 (72.0) | 70 (68.8) | 0.221 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 14 (51.9) | 34 (45.3) | 48 (47.1) | 0.565 |
| Dyslipidemia | 16 (59.3) | 57 (76.0) | 73 (71.6) | 0.091 |
| Old cerebrovascular accident | 2 (7.4) | 9 (12.0) | 11 (10.8) | 0.509 |
| Diagnosis | ||||
| Acute myocardial infarction | 11 (40.7) | 9 (12.0) | 20 (19.3) | 0.001 |
| Medication | ||||
| Aspirin (+) | 26 (96.3) | 70 (93.3) | 96 (94.1) | 0.575 |
| Clopidogrel (+) | 19 (70.4) | 44 (58.7) | 63 (61.8) | 0.283 |
| Preoperative laboratory data | ||||
| Hemoglobin (g/dL) | 11.4±2.0 | 13.4±1.6 | 12.8±1.9 | <0.001 |
| Hemoglobin<11 | 13 (48.1) | 7 (9.3) | 21 (20.6) | <0.001 |
| Platelet count (×10^3/dL) | 224±72.6 | 264.9±85.1 | 255.0±83.7 | 0.037 |
| Blood urea nitrogen (mg/dL) | 21.5±13.5 | 16.5±6.1 | 17.8±8.9 | 0.011 |
| Creatinine (mg/dL) | 1.3±1.1 | 0.9±0.4 | 1.0±0.7 | 0.021 |
| Albumin (g/dL) | 3.6±0.5 | 4.1±0.4 | 4.0±0.5 | <0.001 |
| Preoperative left ventricular ejection fraction (%) | 49.1±14.0 | 53.6±12.0 | 52.5±12.6 | 0.134 |
| Operative data | ||||
| No. of grafts | 3.0±0.6 | 3.3±0.7 | 3.2±0.7 | 0.089 |
| Intraoperative autologous donation count (unit) | 1.6±0.8 | 2.5±0.8 | 2.3±0.9 | <0.001 |
| Operation time (hr) | 5.8±0.9 | 5.3±0.7 | 5.4±0.8 | 0.005 |
| Intraop fluid (L) | 3.4±0.7 | 3.6±0.9 | 3.6±0.9 | 0.259 |
Values are presented as mean±standard variation for continuous variables and count (%) for categorical variables..
(+), administration..
Table 2 . Postoperative characteristics and clinical outcome.
| Variable | Transfusion group (n=27) | Non-transfusion group (n=75) | Total (n=102) | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clinical data | ||||
| Chest tube drainage-total (mL) | 1,354.6±1,245.6 | 687.5±359.3 | 847.0±738.2 | <0.001 |
| Ventilator time (hr) | 7.9±5.1 | 4.3±2.9 | 5.1±3.9 | <0.001 |
| Postop left ventricular ejection fraction (%) | 51.0±12.6 | 55.3±12.1 | 54.2±12.3 | 0.127 |
| Postop laboratory data | ||||
| Hb #1 (g/dL) | 12.0±1.4 | 11.1±1.4 | 11.3±1.4 | 0.008 |
| Hb #7 (g/dL) | 11.7±1.5 | 11.0±1.7 | 11.1±1.7 | 0.081 |
| Plt #1 (×103/dL) | 130.5±47.6 | 207.3±76.4 | 188.7±77.6 | <0.001 |
| Plt #2 (×103/dL) | 115.3±54.6 | 159.6±60.7 | 148.9±62.0 | 0.002 |
| BUN #1 (mg/dL) | 21.6±11.7 | 15.4±6.9 | 16.9±8.7 | 0.002 |
| BUN #7 (mg/dL) | 24.5±17.5 | 16.5±9.3 | 18.4±12.2 | 0.005 |
| Cr #1 (mg/dL) | 1.19±0.91 | 0.85±0.43 | 0.93±0.59 | 0.014 |
| Cr #7 (mg/dL) | 1.39±1.19 | 0.96±0.48 | 1.07±0.73 | 0.012 |
| Alb #1 (g/dL) | 2.9±0.3 | 3.0±0.4 | 2.9±0.4 | 0.278 |
| Alb #2 (g/dL) | 2.9±0.3 | 3.1±0.3 | 3.0±0.3 | 0.038 |
| Mortality | 3 (11.1) | 0 | 3 (2.9) | 0.021 |
| Cardiac | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0.265 |
| Acute respiratory distress syndrome | 2 | 0 | 2 | 0.062 |
| Complication | ||||
| Acute renal failure | 2 (7.4) | 0 | 2 (2.0) | 0.062 |
| Pneumonia | 3 (11.1) | 2 (2.7) | 5 (4.9) | 0.111 |
Values are presented as mean±standard variation for continuous variables and count (%) for categorical variables..
Hb, hemoglobin; Plt, platelet; BUN, blood urea nitrogen; Cr, creatinine; Alb, albumin; #, day..
Table 3 . Transfusion profile.
| Variable | Hb<11 | Hb>11 | Total | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cause of transfusion | ||||
| Anemia | 7 (53.8) | 2 (14.3) | 9 (33.3) | |
| Hypotension or bleeding | 6 (46.2) | 12 (85.7) | 18 (66.7) | |
| Total | 13 (100.0) | 14 (100.0) | 27 (100.0) | 0.046 |
| Amount of transfusion | ||||
| Intraoperative | 3.83±1.64 | 3.5±2.71 | 3.67±2.20 | 0.712 |
| Postoperative 4 hours | 0.75±1.21 | 0.5±0.52 | 0.63±0.92 | 0.515 |
| Postoperative 4 hours–1 day | 0.42±0.90 | 0.67±0.98 | 0.54±0.93 | 0.523 |
| Total | 7±6.71 | 4.75±2.30 | 5.88±5.04 | 0.287 |
Values are presented as number (%) or mean±standard deviation..
Hb, hemoglobin..
Table 4 . Multivariate analysis of perioperative predictors associated with transfusion.
| Variable | Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (>70 yr) | 5.1 | 1.3–19.8 | 0.02 |
| Acute myocardial infarction | 4.7 | 1.1–19.6 | 0.04 |
| Preoperative hemoglobin (<11 g/dL) | 14.7 | 3.0–71.8 | 0.01 |
| Preoperative creatinine (>1.3 mg/dL) | 6.8 | 1.2–39.0 | 0.03 |
| Operation time (hr) | 3.1 | 1.2–8.1 | 0.02 |
1998; 31(6): 581-585
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