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J Chest Surg 2024; 57(4): 390-398
Published online July 5, 2024 https://doi.org/10.5090/jcs.23.160
Copyright © Journal of Chest Surgery.
Hee Jung Kim , M.D., Ph.D.1,*, Hyeon Ju Shin , M.D., Ph.D.2,*, Suk Woo Lee , M.D.2, Seonyeong Heo , M.D.1, Seung Hyong Lee , M.D.1, Ji Eon Kim , M.D.1, Ho Sung Son , M.D., Ph.D.1, Jae Seung Jung , M.D., Ph.D.1
Departments of 1Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery and 2Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
Correspondence to:Jae Seung Jung
Tel 82-2-920-6400
E-mail heartistcs@korea.ac.kr
ORCID
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8848-4112
*These authors contributed equally to this work as the first authors.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Background: In this study, we examined the impact of a patient blood management (PBM) program on red blood cell (RBC) transfusion practices in cardiothoracic surgery.
Methods: The PBM program had 3 components: monitoring transfusions through an order communication system checklist, educating the medical team about PBM, and providing feedback to ordering physicians on the appropriateness of transfusion. The retrospective analysis examined changes in the hemoglobin levels triggering transfusion and the proportions of appropriate RBC transfusions before, during, and after PBM implementation. Further analysis was focused on patients undergoing cardiac surgery, with outcomes including 30-day mortality, durations of intensive care unit and hospital stays, and rates of pneumonia, sepsis, and wound complications.
Results: The study included 2,802 patients admitted for cardiothoracic surgery. After the implementation of PBM, a significant decrease was observed in the hemoglobin threshold for RBC transfusion. This threshold dropped from 8.7 g/dL before PBM to 8.3 g/dL during the PBM education phase and 8.0 g/dL during the PBM feedback period. Additionally, the proportion of appropriate RBC transfusions increased markedly, from 23.9% before PBM to 34.9% and 58.2% during the education and feedback phases, respectively. Among the 381 patients who underwent cardiac surgery, a significant reduction was noted in the length of hospitalization over time (p<0.001). However, other clinical outcomes displayed no significant differences.
Conclusion: PBM implementation effectively reduced the hemoglobin threshold for RBC transfusion and increased the rate of appropriate transfusion in cardiothoracic surgery. Although transfusion practices improved, clinical outcomes were comparable to those observed before PBM implementation.
Keywords: Patient blood management, Transfusion, Cardiothoracic surgery
Cardiothoracic surgery is associated with increased perioperative bleeding and the need for allogeneic blood transfusion due to anemia and changes in the coagulation system. These alterations include hyperfibrinolysis, consumption of coagulation factors, platelet dysfunction, thrombocytopenia, and hemodilution [1,2]. Allogeneic blood transfusion is associated with relatively high mortality and morbidity rates. It is also linked to an elevated incidence of acute kidney injury, thromboembolic events such as myocardial infarction and cerebrovascular accident, and transfusion-related immunomodulation, which can lead to infections and sepsis in patients undergoing cardiothoracic surgery [3-5].
Blood conservation strategies represent a key element of cardiothoracic surgery. Cardiovascular operations display the highest rate of red blood cell (RBC) transfusion among surgical procedures, accounting for 10%–15% of RBC transfusions in the United Kingdom and the United States [6,7]. Despite the publication of blood conservation strategy guidelines in 2007, blood product utilization has increased for all cardiac procedures [6].
Patient blood management (PBM) involves the timely application of evidence-based medical and surgical concepts designed to optimize hemoglobin concentration, maintain hemostasis, minimize blood loss, and bolster a patient’s physiological reserves against anemia. Consequently, this strategy reduces the need for allogeneic blood products and improves patient outcomes [8]. We previously reported that the introduction of a multidisciplinary PBM program at our hospital, developed in 2018, led to more appropriate use of RBC transfusion in the medical and surgical division [9]. However, the impact on individual departments was not examined. Therefore, our objective was to assess the impact of our PBM program on transfusion practices within the cardiothoracic surgery department by comparing the proportions of appropriate RBC transfusions, the hemoglobin levels at which transfusion was triggered, and the clinical outcomes of admitted patients.
The study protocol for the present research was reviewed and approved by the institutional review board (IRB) of Korea University Anam Hospital (approval no., 2021AN0118). The requirement for informed consent was waived by the IRB.
Our institution, Korea University Anam Hospital—a tertiary regional center with 1,070 beds—established a minimal blood transfusion task force team (TFT) in January 2018. In April 2018, the TFT updated the blood transfusion management program in accordance with the Korean Transfusion Guidelines [10]. In line with the updated guidelines, the program provided strict indications for the transfusion of blood products. To continue the concerted efforts to improve blood transfusion management, a Bloodless Medicine Center was established at Anam Hospital, and the TFT was renamed the PBM committee in October 2018.
The committee’s core activities are those that promote education and understanding of PBM. Initially, we formed a multidisciplinary team dedicated to PBM, invited experts for collaborative study, and developed a proprietary education program. Subsequently, the committee rolled out the PBM program to physicians and trainees (interns and residents), providing training on the necessity of PBM across 18 hospital departments starting in November 2018.
In May 2019, an intervention program was developed to facilitate prospective auditing and feedback regarding blood transfusions. If a physician prescribed more than 10 units of inappropriate transfusion in a month, the program would alert the physician and notify the PBM committee via email and short message service. In July 2019, the PBM program was integrated with the institution’s order communication system (OCS) to establish a clinical decision support system (CDSS) for transfusion. This program requires physicians to verify that a transfusion is appropriately indicated by clicking on a pop-up window, which details the transfusion guidelines established by the PBM committee (Fig. 1).
Appropriate transfusion was defined as an RBC transfusion conducted in accordance with the indications described above. In contrast, inappropriate RBC transfusion was characterized as a transfusion conducted outside of the authorized indications.
The indications for authorized blood transfusion, based on the established guidelines, are depicted in Fig. 1. In this study, the process for determining the appropriateness of RBC transfusion involved several steps: (1) the use of a computerized transfusion audit system, programmed with an algorithm that aligned with the guidelines, to identify appropriate RBC transfusions through a retrospective review of medical records; (2) calculations regarding appropriate RBC transfusions identified by the audit, which were performed by staff; and (3) the confirmation of appropriate RBC transfusions by the director of the Bloodless Medicine Center and a physician from the department of laboratory medicine. A pop-up window was implemented to enable the selection of an authorized RBC transfusion indication from the English-language guidelines at the Bloodless Medicine Center. The algorithm and CDSS for appropriate RBC transfusion were detailed in a previously published paper [9].
We conducted a retrospective review of electronic medical records from the Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery at Korea University Anam Hospital, spanning January 2017 to December 2020. The enrolled cases were categorized into 3 groups based on their timing with respect to PBM implementation: the pre-PBM, PBM education, and PBM feedback program periods.
(1) The pre-PBM period (January 2017 to December 2017) represented the interval prior to PBM implementation. (2) During the PBM education period (January 2018 to June 2019), the primary focus was on establishing the Bloodless Medicine Center, assembling an academic committee, and providing education to physicians and trainees. (3) During the feedback program period (July 2019 to December 2020), a multidisciplinary team was assembled. Its members actively provided feedback to physicians who prescribed inappropriate transfusions, while developing a CDSS in the OCS. The CDSS utilized pop-up alerts and check-ups in accordance with rigorous center guidelines (Fig. 2).
Two parallel analyses were conducted. Initially, all patients admitted to the cardiothoracic surgery department (N=2,802) were included and evaluated regarding pre- transfusion hemoglobin levels (in an examination of trigger hemoglobin levels) and the rate of appropriate transfusion across study periods. Subsequently, the subset of patients who underwent cardiac surgery (coronary artery bypass grafting [CABG] or heart valve surgery, n=381) was evaluated for clinical outcomes such as 30-day mortality, the durations of intensive care unit (ICU) and hospital stays, and the incidence of pneumonia, sepsis, and wound complications. This enabled the assessment of changes in clinical outcomes following PBM implementation.
Categorical variables, presented as counts and percentages, were compared using the chi-square test. The distributions of continuous variables, such as trigger hemoglobin level, transfusion volume, and durations of ICU and hospital stays, were assessed with the Shapiro-Wilk normality test. Variables that did not follow a normal distribution are expressed as either the median with interquartile range (IQR) or the mean with standard deviation. These variables were evaluated using the Mann-Whitney test or the Kruskal-Wallis test.
All reported p-values were 2-tailed, and p-values less than 0.05 were considered to indicate statistical significance. Statistical analyses were performed using IBM SPSS ver. 20.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA) and R ver. 3.6.0 (R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria).
Analysis of the overall cohort regarding appropriate transfusion
During the study period, a total of 2,802 patients were admitted to the Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, and 2,351 of these patients received general anesthesia. In total, 2,199 units of RBCs were transfused to 485 patients, representing 17.2% of the admitted patients. The patients who received transfusions had undergone various procedures, including isolated CABG, valve surgery, aortic surgery, esophageal surgery, lung surgery, and other operations (including interventions for cardiac tumors, transplantation, decortication for pleural conditions, and trauma), or had received medical care, including chest tube management (Table 1).
Table 1. Profiles of patients receiving RBC transfusion admitted to the cardiothoracic surgery department
Variable | Pre-PBM (January–December 2017) | PBM education (early 2018–mid-2019) | PBM feedback (mid-2019–end of 2020) |
---|---|---|---|
No. of patients | 132 | 175 | 178 |
Isolated CABG | 20 (15.2) | 42 (24.0) | 35 (19.7) |
Valve surgery | 39 (29.5) | 60 (34.3) | 28 (15.7) |
Aortic surgery | 14 (10.6) | 5 (2.9) | 23 (12.9) |
Esophageal surgery | 1 (0.8) | 14 (8.0) | 14 (7.9) |
Lung surgerya) | 16 (12.1) | 15 (8.6) | 10 (5.6) |
Other surgeryb) | 26 (19.7) | 26 (14.9) | 40 (22.5) |
Medical carec) | 16 (12.1) | 13 (7.4) | 18 (10.1) |
No. of RBC transfusions | 535 | 701 | 963 |
No. of appropriate transfusions | 128 | 245 | 561 |
Ratio of appropriate transfusion (%) | 23.9 | 35.0 | 58.3 |
Values are presented as number or number (%).
RBC, red blood cell; PBM, patient blood management; CABG, coronary artery bypass grafting.
a)Lung surgery refers to lung resection. b)Other surgery included procedures for cardiac tumors, transplantation, and heart injury. c)Medical care encompassed observation and chest tube management.
The hemoglobin threshold for initiating RBC transfusion was increased following implementation of the PBM program. The median hemoglobin levels were 8.7 g/dL (IQR, 7.8–9.6 g/dL) in the pre-PBM period, 8.3 g/dL (IQR, 7.5–9.0 g/dL) during the PBM education period, and 8.0 g/dL (IQR, 7.4–9.0 g/dL) for the PBM feedback phase (p<0.001). The mean hemoglobin values with standard deviations were 8.7±1.85 g/dL, 8.38±1.43 g/dL, and 8.29±1.53 g/dL, respectively. Fig. 3 illustrates the mean transfusion trigger hemoglobin levels, with 95% confidence intervals, for each period. Additionally, the proportion of RBC transfusions administered at hemoglobin levels higher than 10 g/dL decreased from 17.4% in the pre-PBM period to 11% during the PBM education and feedback phases (p<0.001), as shown in Table 2.
Table 2. Hemoglobin level triggering red blood cell transfusion according to PBM period
Period | Hemoglobin <7 g/dL | 7 g/dL≤ hemoglobin <10 g/dL | Hemoglobin ≥10 g/dL | Total units |
---|---|---|---|---|
Pre-PBM | 78 (14.6) | 364 (68.0) | 93 (17.4) | 535 (100.0) |
PBM education | 90 (12.8) | 537 (76.6) | 74 (10.6) | 701 (100.0) |
PBM feedback | 128 (13.3) | 731 (75.9) | 104 (10.8) | 963 (100.0) |
Values are presented as number (%).
PBM, patient blood management.
The rate of appropriate transfusion improved following implementation of the PBM program, rising from 23.9% in 2017 to 68.4% in 2020 (p<0.001). Regarding the PBM timeline, the appropriate transfusion ratio increased from 23.9% in the pre-PBM period to 58.2% during the feedback period (Fig. 4).
During the study period, 381 patients underwent CABG or heart valve surgery, with a mean age of 66.44±10.22 years and 35.2% of the patients being female. No significant difference in baseline characteristics was observed among the 3 groups categorized by PBM period. CABG was the predominant surgical procedure during the PBM period, in contrast to the pre-PBM and education periods (Table 3).
Table 3. Baseline characteristics of the cardiac surgery cohort
Characteristic | Pre-PBM | PBM education | PBM feedback | p-value |
---|---|---|---|---|
No. of patients | 75 | 146 | 160 | |
Age (yr) | 65.62±9.61 | 64.99±10.28 | 68.25±9.86 | 0.127 |
Female | 31 (41.3) | 55 (37.7) | 48 (30.0) | 0.172 |
Body mass index (kg/m2) | 24.5±3.51 | 23.90±3.88 | 24.91±3.26 | 0.07 |
Hypertension | 13 (17.3) | 42 (28.8) | 51 (31.9) | 0.064 |
Diabetes mellitus | 38 (50.7) | 69 (47.3) | 80 (50.0) | 0.851 |
Hyperlipidemia | 8 (10.7) | 26 (17.8) | 26 (16.2) | 0.376 |
Stroke | 9 (12.0) | 16 (11.0) | 17 (10.6) | 0.951 |
Hemoglobin (mg/dL) | 12.68±2.02 | 12.37±1.92 | 12.55±2.18 | 0.451 |
Coronary artery bypass grafting | 38 (50.7) | 70 (47.9) | 110 (68.6) | 0.001 |
Valve surgery | 39 (52.0) | 86 (58.9) | 59 (36.9) | <0.001 |
Values are presented as number, mean±standard deviation, or number (%).
PBM, patient blood management.
The proportion of patients requiring RBC transfusion appeared to diminish over time across the study periods. Additionally, the mean numbers of RBC units transfused during the PBM education and feedback periods were lower compared to the pre-PBM interval. A gradual but statistically significant reduction was noted in the length of hospitalization (p<0.001). However, no significant changes were observed in 30-day mortality, ICU stay duration, or the incidence of pneumonia, sepsis, or wound complications (p>0.05) (Table 4).
Table 4. Clinical outcomes according to PBM implementation period in cardiac surgery cohort
Variable | Pre-PBM | PBM education | PBM feedback | p-value |
---|---|---|---|---|
No. of patients | 75 | 146 | 160 | |
Patients undergoing transfusion | 51 (68.0) | 100 (68.5) | 64 (40.0) | <0.001 |
Mean no. of RBC transfusions per patient | 2.71±7.25 | 1.63±2.81 | 1.61±1.88 | <0.001 |
Mortality (≤30 day) | 3 (4.0) | 10 (6.8) | 9 (5.6) | 0.687 |
Intensive care unit stay (day) | 2.52±6.77 | 1.82±3.00 | 1.66±1.98 | 0.302 |
Hospital stay (day) | 13 (11–18) | 12 (10–16) | 11 (10–15) | <0.001 |
Pneumonia | 5 (6.8) | 26 (17.8) | 12 (7.5) | 0.065 |
Sepsis | 2 (2.7) | 13 (8.9) | 9 (5.6) | 0.320 |
Wound complication | 7 (9.3) | 15 (10.3) | 8 (5.0) | 0.522 |
Values are presented as number, number (%), mean±standard deviation, or median (interquartile range).
PBM, patient blood management; RBC, red blood cell.
This study demonstrated that the implementation of a PBM program led to an increase in the rate of appropriate transfusion and a reduction in transfusion volume within the cardiothoracic surgery department. Among patients undergoing cardiac surgery, gradual decreases were noted in the duration of ICU and hospital stays over the study period. The institution in this study, an Asian regional tertiary hospital, successfully conserved RBCs through systematic PBM and exhibited improved clinical parameters.
Our efforts to establish PBM have centered on education and feedback for trainees and physicians across all departments. The PBM committee has provided updated hospital transfusion guidelines and organized conferences for trainees and physicians at our hospital. As part of the feedback program, we implemented a mandatory pop-up checkbox in the order communication system, requiring physicians to review transfusion guidelines when administering blood to patients. Additionally, we offered feedback to physicians and trainees who administered blood contrary to the guidelines (deemed inappropriate transfusion) for more than 10 units per month. Following implementation of the PBM strategy, transfusion practices in the thoracic and cardiovascular surgery department demonstrated improvement compared to the period before PBM was introduced. The threshold for hemoglobin levels triggering transfusion was lowered, the proportion of appropriate transfusions (those meeting hospital guidelines) increased, and the average number of RBC transfusions per patient decreased. This PBM program was successfully implemented in the thoracic and cardiovascular surgery department at our hospital. Despite the increase in the rate of appropriate transfusion during the study period, the overall proportion of these transfusions remained low, at approximately 50%. The primary reason for this low rate was the selection of incorrect indications for transfusion, often made by trainees or physicians via the pop-up element. Therefore, enhancing education on proper transfusion practices for trainees and physicians may further improve the rate of appropriate transfusion.
RBC transfusion has been associated with increased morbidity and mortality in thoracic and cardiovascular surgery [3,11,12]. Despite the implementation of guidelines aimed at reducing blood transfusions as well as overall PBM programs, the volume of transfusions has continued to rise in cardiothoracic surgery, in contrast to other surgical fields such as orthopedic surgery, vascular surgery, and neurosurgery [6,13]. This trend can be attributed to the fact that patients undergoing thoracic and cardiovascular surgery are often older, have comorbidities, are taking antiplatelet agents, and undergo complex surgical procedures. However, despite the relatively high risk of transfusion in cardiothoracic surgery, PBM has not been as widely adopted in Asian countries as it has been in Europe [14,15]. In an effort to conserve blood and enhance the quality of care, our institute has made a concerted effort to introduce a PBM program to all healthcare workers in our hospital.
In 2011, the Society for Thoracic Surgeons (STS) released an updated clinical practice guideline document that outlined blood conservation strategies. These strategies were designed to minimize bleeding and blood loss, thereby improving outcomes for patients undergoing cardiac surgery [16,17]. The guidelines recommended blood conservation methods, including the use of intraoperative cell salvage and antifibrinolytics to reduce perioperative bleeding. However, a 2011 update on blood conservation strategies by the STS and the Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists did not lead to a reduction in the rate of blood transfusions among patients undergoing cardiac surgery [16]. This was attributed to the low rate of guideline implementation by physicians [6,18]. The 2017 European guidelines on PBM for adult cardiac surgery provided practical advice for physicians specializing in PBM within this surgical field [19].
Our committee focused on education and feedback via the use of a CDSS. We developed and implemented a guideline-based protocol for appropriate RBC transfusion in our OCS. Consequently, every physician and trainee was required to evaluate the protocol for appropriate transfusion with each RBC prescription. The committee also monitored prescriptions and issued warnings to physicians who administered inappropriate transfusions to patients. The efficacy of CDSS usage for PBM has been demonstrated in previous studies [20,21]. Butler et al. [22] revealed that the implementation of a CDSS improved compliance with restrictive transfusion practices in hematology. Our institute integrated an electronic CDSS into the OCS, which facilitated the monitoring of appropriate RBC prescriptions and the provision of feedback to doctors. This is a crucial factor in the successful implementation of PBM. The improved outcomes were consistent across other medical and surgical departments within our hospital [9].
The 3 pillars of PBM are optimizing erythropoiesis, minimizing iatrogenic blood loss, and improving physiological reserve [23]. The first pillar involves detecting and managing anemia; patients with anemia should be diagnosed and treated with appropriate medications before and after surgery. The second pillar focuses on minimizing blood loss by assessing bleeding risk, minimizing phlebotomy, ensuring meticulous hemostasis, utilizing cell saver technology, and preventing coagulopathy. The third pillar emphasizes the importance of accurately assessing a patient’s capacity to tolerate blood loss and enhancing cardiopulmonary function to support restrictive transfusion strategies. Efforts to reduce the use of blood products are grounded in this 3-pillar matrix of blood management. First, the committee recommends that patients with anemia scheduled for surgery should undergo consultation with hematology to boost erythropoiesis and address underlying causes. Second, during surgery, meticulous control of bleeding, coagulation factor testing (including thromboelastography, thromboelastometry, and rotational thromboelastometry), and the administration of antifibrinolytic agents are strongly advised. Third, after surgery, it is recommended to restrict transfusions based on hemodynamic stability and hemodilution conditions. All 3 processes should be conducted in accordance with available recommendations [10,24].
This study had limitations due to its retrospective design. The characteristics of patients included in each period (pre-PBM, education, and feedback) may have varied due to a range of diagnoses and surgical profiles. Our focus was on evaluating the impact of PBM implementation on hospital-level outcomes. Consequently, we selected the entire cohort of patients admitted to the cardiothoracic surgery department. This resulted in a study cohort with diverse patient diagnoses and surgical profiles, each with different transfusion thresholds. These included patients undergoing pulmonary resection, cardiac surgery, thoracostomy, and medical treatment. We reviewed the hospital guidelines for RBC transfusion, which are not specific to any disease group. As such, distinct transfusion guidelines exist for certain disease groups, including myocardial infarction, stroke, and conditions with unstable hemodynamics. For patients undergoing cardiac surgery, adherence to these detailed recommendations is necessary [7,25-27].
To assess changes in clinical outcomes during the study period following the implementation of PBM, we examined early outcomes such as 30-day mortality, durations of ICU and hospital stays, and incidence rates of pneumonia, sepsis, and wound complications. We observed no significant differences in these early outcomes throughout the study period. Further research is necessary to evaluate the relationship between the PBM protocol and clinical outcomes.
The implementation of a PBM program successfully reduced the hemoglobin threshold for RBC transfusion and increased the rate of appropriate transfusion in cardiothoracic surgery. Although transfusion practices improved, clinical outcomes were comparable to those observed before the PBM program was put in place. The integration of an electronic CDSS and feedback program, overseen by a multidisciplinary committee, may contribute to the successful adoption of PBM for trainees and physicians.
Author contributions
Conceptualization: Shin HJ, Kim HJ. Data curation: Kim HJ. Formal analysis: Kim HJ. Investigation: Kim HJ, Shin HJ, Lee SW, Kim JE, Heo S, Lee SH, Son HS Jung JS. Methodology: Kim HJ. Validation: Jung JS. Writing–original draft: Kim HJ, Shin HJ, Lee SW, Kim JE, Heo S, Lee SH, Son HS, Jung JS. Approval of final manuscript: all authors.
Conflict of interest
No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.
Funding
This research was supported by grant from Patient-Centered Clinical Research Coordinating Center (PACEN) funded by the Ministry of Health & Welfare, Republic of Korea (grant No. HC23C0104).
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to extend their gratitude to R.N. Mi Kyung Lee at the Bloodless Medicine Center.
J Chest Surg 2024; 57(4): 390-398
Published online July 5, 2024 https://doi.org/10.5090/jcs.23.160
Copyright © Journal of Chest Surgery.
Hee Jung Kim , M.D., Ph.D.1,*, Hyeon Ju Shin , M.D., Ph.D.2,*, Suk Woo Lee , M.D.2, Seonyeong Heo , M.D.1, Seung Hyong Lee , M.D.1, Ji Eon Kim , M.D.1, Ho Sung Son , M.D., Ph.D.1, Jae Seung Jung , M.D., Ph.D.1
Departments of 1Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery and 2Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
Correspondence to:Jae Seung Jung
Tel 82-2-920-6400
E-mail heartistcs@korea.ac.kr
ORCID
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8848-4112
*These authors contributed equally to this work as the first authors.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Background: In this study, we examined the impact of a patient blood management (PBM) program on red blood cell (RBC) transfusion practices in cardiothoracic surgery.
Methods: The PBM program had 3 components: monitoring transfusions through an order communication system checklist, educating the medical team about PBM, and providing feedback to ordering physicians on the appropriateness of transfusion. The retrospective analysis examined changes in the hemoglobin levels triggering transfusion and the proportions of appropriate RBC transfusions before, during, and after PBM implementation. Further analysis was focused on patients undergoing cardiac surgery, with outcomes including 30-day mortality, durations of intensive care unit and hospital stays, and rates of pneumonia, sepsis, and wound complications.
Results: The study included 2,802 patients admitted for cardiothoracic surgery. After the implementation of PBM, a significant decrease was observed in the hemoglobin threshold for RBC transfusion. This threshold dropped from 8.7 g/dL before PBM to 8.3 g/dL during the PBM education phase and 8.0 g/dL during the PBM feedback period. Additionally, the proportion of appropriate RBC transfusions increased markedly, from 23.9% before PBM to 34.9% and 58.2% during the education and feedback phases, respectively. Among the 381 patients who underwent cardiac surgery, a significant reduction was noted in the length of hospitalization over time (p<0.001). However, other clinical outcomes displayed no significant differences.
Conclusion: PBM implementation effectively reduced the hemoglobin threshold for RBC transfusion and increased the rate of appropriate transfusion in cardiothoracic surgery. Although transfusion practices improved, clinical outcomes were comparable to those observed before PBM implementation.
Keywords: Patient blood management, Transfusion, Cardiothoracic surgery
Cardiothoracic surgery is associated with increased perioperative bleeding and the need for allogeneic blood transfusion due to anemia and changes in the coagulation system. These alterations include hyperfibrinolysis, consumption of coagulation factors, platelet dysfunction, thrombocytopenia, and hemodilution [1,2]. Allogeneic blood transfusion is associated with relatively high mortality and morbidity rates. It is also linked to an elevated incidence of acute kidney injury, thromboembolic events such as myocardial infarction and cerebrovascular accident, and transfusion-related immunomodulation, which can lead to infections and sepsis in patients undergoing cardiothoracic surgery [3-5].
Blood conservation strategies represent a key element of cardiothoracic surgery. Cardiovascular operations display the highest rate of red blood cell (RBC) transfusion among surgical procedures, accounting for 10%–15% of RBC transfusions in the United Kingdom and the United States [6,7]. Despite the publication of blood conservation strategy guidelines in 2007, blood product utilization has increased for all cardiac procedures [6].
Patient blood management (PBM) involves the timely application of evidence-based medical and surgical concepts designed to optimize hemoglobin concentration, maintain hemostasis, minimize blood loss, and bolster a patient’s physiological reserves against anemia. Consequently, this strategy reduces the need for allogeneic blood products and improves patient outcomes [8]. We previously reported that the introduction of a multidisciplinary PBM program at our hospital, developed in 2018, led to more appropriate use of RBC transfusion in the medical and surgical division [9]. However, the impact on individual departments was not examined. Therefore, our objective was to assess the impact of our PBM program on transfusion practices within the cardiothoracic surgery department by comparing the proportions of appropriate RBC transfusions, the hemoglobin levels at which transfusion was triggered, and the clinical outcomes of admitted patients.
The study protocol for the present research was reviewed and approved by the institutional review board (IRB) of Korea University Anam Hospital (approval no., 2021AN0118). The requirement for informed consent was waived by the IRB.
Our institution, Korea University Anam Hospital—a tertiary regional center with 1,070 beds—established a minimal blood transfusion task force team (TFT) in January 2018. In April 2018, the TFT updated the blood transfusion management program in accordance with the Korean Transfusion Guidelines [10]. In line with the updated guidelines, the program provided strict indications for the transfusion of blood products. To continue the concerted efforts to improve blood transfusion management, a Bloodless Medicine Center was established at Anam Hospital, and the TFT was renamed the PBM committee in October 2018.
The committee’s core activities are those that promote education and understanding of PBM. Initially, we formed a multidisciplinary team dedicated to PBM, invited experts for collaborative study, and developed a proprietary education program. Subsequently, the committee rolled out the PBM program to physicians and trainees (interns and residents), providing training on the necessity of PBM across 18 hospital departments starting in November 2018.
In May 2019, an intervention program was developed to facilitate prospective auditing and feedback regarding blood transfusions. If a physician prescribed more than 10 units of inappropriate transfusion in a month, the program would alert the physician and notify the PBM committee via email and short message service. In July 2019, the PBM program was integrated with the institution’s order communication system (OCS) to establish a clinical decision support system (CDSS) for transfusion. This program requires physicians to verify that a transfusion is appropriately indicated by clicking on a pop-up window, which details the transfusion guidelines established by the PBM committee (Fig. 1).
Appropriate transfusion was defined as an RBC transfusion conducted in accordance with the indications described above. In contrast, inappropriate RBC transfusion was characterized as a transfusion conducted outside of the authorized indications.
The indications for authorized blood transfusion, based on the established guidelines, are depicted in Fig. 1. In this study, the process for determining the appropriateness of RBC transfusion involved several steps: (1) the use of a computerized transfusion audit system, programmed with an algorithm that aligned with the guidelines, to identify appropriate RBC transfusions through a retrospective review of medical records; (2) calculations regarding appropriate RBC transfusions identified by the audit, which were performed by staff; and (3) the confirmation of appropriate RBC transfusions by the director of the Bloodless Medicine Center and a physician from the department of laboratory medicine. A pop-up window was implemented to enable the selection of an authorized RBC transfusion indication from the English-language guidelines at the Bloodless Medicine Center. The algorithm and CDSS for appropriate RBC transfusion were detailed in a previously published paper [9].
We conducted a retrospective review of electronic medical records from the Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery at Korea University Anam Hospital, spanning January 2017 to December 2020. The enrolled cases were categorized into 3 groups based on their timing with respect to PBM implementation: the pre-PBM, PBM education, and PBM feedback program periods.
(1) The pre-PBM period (January 2017 to December 2017) represented the interval prior to PBM implementation. (2) During the PBM education period (January 2018 to June 2019), the primary focus was on establishing the Bloodless Medicine Center, assembling an academic committee, and providing education to physicians and trainees. (3) During the feedback program period (July 2019 to December 2020), a multidisciplinary team was assembled. Its members actively provided feedback to physicians who prescribed inappropriate transfusions, while developing a CDSS in the OCS. The CDSS utilized pop-up alerts and check-ups in accordance with rigorous center guidelines (Fig. 2).
Two parallel analyses were conducted. Initially, all patients admitted to the cardiothoracic surgery department (N=2,802) were included and evaluated regarding pre- transfusion hemoglobin levels (in an examination of trigger hemoglobin levels) and the rate of appropriate transfusion across study periods. Subsequently, the subset of patients who underwent cardiac surgery (coronary artery bypass grafting [CABG] or heart valve surgery, n=381) was evaluated for clinical outcomes such as 30-day mortality, the durations of intensive care unit (ICU) and hospital stays, and the incidence of pneumonia, sepsis, and wound complications. This enabled the assessment of changes in clinical outcomes following PBM implementation.
Categorical variables, presented as counts and percentages, were compared using the chi-square test. The distributions of continuous variables, such as trigger hemoglobin level, transfusion volume, and durations of ICU and hospital stays, were assessed with the Shapiro-Wilk normality test. Variables that did not follow a normal distribution are expressed as either the median with interquartile range (IQR) or the mean with standard deviation. These variables were evaluated using the Mann-Whitney test or the Kruskal-Wallis test.
All reported p-values were 2-tailed, and p-values less than 0.05 were considered to indicate statistical significance. Statistical analyses were performed using IBM SPSS ver. 20.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA) and R ver. 3.6.0 (R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria).
Analysis of the overall cohort regarding appropriate transfusion
During the study period, a total of 2,802 patients were admitted to the Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, and 2,351 of these patients received general anesthesia. In total, 2,199 units of RBCs were transfused to 485 patients, representing 17.2% of the admitted patients. The patients who received transfusions had undergone various procedures, including isolated CABG, valve surgery, aortic surgery, esophageal surgery, lung surgery, and other operations (including interventions for cardiac tumors, transplantation, decortication for pleural conditions, and trauma), or had received medical care, including chest tube management (Table 1).
Table 1 . Profiles of patients receiving RBC transfusion admitted to the cardiothoracic surgery department.
Variable | Pre-PBM (January–December 2017) | PBM education (early 2018–mid-2019) | PBM feedback (mid-2019–end of 2020) |
---|---|---|---|
No. of patients | 132 | 175 | 178 |
Isolated CABG | 20 (15.2) | 42 (24.0) | 35 (19.7) |
Valve surgery | 39 (29.5) | 60 (34.3) | 28 (15.7) |
Aortic surgery | 14 (10.6) | 5 (2.9) | 23 (12.9) |
Esophageal surgery | 1 (0.8) | 14 (8.0) | 14 (7.9) |
Lung surgerya) | 16 (12.1) | 15 (8.6) | 10 (5.6) |
Other surgeryb) | 26 (19.7) | 26 (14.9) | 40 (22.5) |
Medical carec) | 16 (12.1) | 13 (7.4) | 18 (10.1) |
No. of RBC transfusions | 535 | 701 | 963 |
No. of appropriate transfusions | 128 | 245 | 561 |
Ratio of appropriate transfusion (%) | 23.9 | 35.0 | 58.3 |
Values are presented as number or number (%)..
RBC, red blood cell; PBM, patient blood management; CABG, coronary artery bypass grafting..
a)Lung surgery refers to lung resection. b)Other surgery included procedures for cardiac tumors, transplantation, and heart injury. c)Medical care encompassed observation and chest tube management..
The hemoglobin threshold for initiating RBC transfusion was increased following implementation of the PBM program. The median hemoglobin levels were 8.7 g/dL (IQR, 7.8–9.6 g/dL) in the pre-PBM period, 8.3 g/dL (IQR, 7.5–9.0 g/dL) during the PBM education period, and 8.0 g/dL (IQR, 7.4–9.0 g/dL) for the PBM feedback phase (p<0.001). The mean hemoglobin values with standard deviations were 8.7±1.85 g/dL, 8.38±1.43 g/dL, and 8.29±1.53 g/dL, respectively. Fig. 3 illustrates the mean transfusion trigger hemoglobin levels, with 95% confidence intervals, for each period. Additionally, the proportion of RBC transfusions administered at hemoglobin levels higher than 10 g/dL decreased from 17.4% in the pre-PBM period to 11% during the PBM education and feedback phases (p<0.001), as shown in Table 2.
Table 2 . Hemoglobin level triggering red blood cell transfusion according to PBM period.
Period | Hemoglobin <7 g/dL | 7 g/dL≤ hemoglobin <10 g/dL | Hemoglobin ≥10 g/dL | Total units |
---|---|---|---|---|
Pre-PBM | 78 (14.6) | 364 (68.0) | 93 (17.4) | 535 (100.0) |
PBM education | 90 (12.8) | 537 (76.6) | 74 (10.6) | 701 (100.0) |
PBM feedback | 128 (13.3) | 731 (75.9) | 104 (10.8) | 963 (100.0) |
Values are presented as number (%)..
PBM, patient blood management..
The rate of appropriate transfusion improved following implementation of the PBM program, rising from 23.9% in 2017 to 68.4% in 2020 (p<0.001). Regarding the PBM timeline, the appropriate transfusion ratio increased from 23.9% in the pre-PBM period to 58.2% during the feedback period (Fig. 4).
During the study period, 381 patients underwent CABG or heart valve surgery, with a mean age of 66.44±10.22 years and 35.2% of the patients being female. No significant difference in baseline characteristics was observed among the 3 groups categorized by PBM period. CABG was the predominant surgical procedure during the PBM period, in contrast to the pre-PBM and education periods (Table 3).
Table 3 . Baseline characteristics of the cardiac surgery cohort.
Characteristic | Pre-PBM | PBM education | PBM feedback | p-value |
---|---|---|---|---|
No. of patients | 75 | 146 | 160 | |
Age (yr) | 65.62±9.61 | 64.99±10.28 | 68.25±9.86 | 0.127 |
Female | 31 (41.3) | 55 (37.7) | 48 (30.0) | 0.172 |
Body mass index (kg/m2) | 24.5±3.51 | 23.90±3.88 | 24.91±3.26 | 0.07 |
Hypertension | 13 (17.3) | 42 (28.8) | 51 (31.9) | 0.064 |
Diabetes mellitus | 38 (50.7) | 69 (47.3) | 80 (50.0) | 0.851 |
Hyperlipidemia | 8 (10.7) | 26 (17.8) | 26 (16.2) | 0.376 |
Stroke | 9 (12.0) | 16 (11.0) | 17 (10.6) | 0.951 |
Hemoglobin (mg/dL) | 12.68±2.02 | 12.37±1.92 | 12.55±2.18 | 0.451 |
Coronary artery bypass grafting | 38 (50.7) | 70 (47.9) | 110 (68.6) | 0.001 |
Valve surgery | 39 (52.0) | 86 (58.9) | 59 (36.9) | <0.001 |
Values are presented as number, mean±standard deviation, or number (%)..
PBM, patient blood management..
The proportion of patients requiring RBC transfusion appeared to diminish over time across the study periods. Additionally, the mean numbers of RBC units transfused during the PBM education and feedback periods were lower compared to the pre-PBM interval. A gradual but statistically significant reduction was noted in the length of hospitalization (p<0.001). However, no significant changes were observed in 30-day mortality, ICU stay duration, or the incidence of pneumonia, sepsis, or wound complications (p>0.05) (Table 4).
Table 4 . Clinical outcomes according to PBM implementation period in cardiac surgery cohort.
Variable | Pre-PBM | PBM education | PBM feedback | p-value |
---|---|---|---|---|
No. of patients | 75 | 146 | 160 | |
Patients undergoing transfusion | 51 (68.0) | 100 (68.5) | 64 (40.0) | <0.001 |
Mean no. of RBC transfusions per patient | 2.71±7.25 | 1.63±2.81 | 1.61±1.88 | <0.001 |
Mortality (≤30 day) | 3 (4.0) | 10 (6.8) | 9 (5.6) | 0.687 |
Intensive care unit stay (day) | 2.52±6.77 | 1.82±3.00 | 1.66±1.98 | 0.302 |
Hospital stay (day) | 13 (11–18) | 12 (10–16) | 11 (10–15) | <0.001 |
Pneumonia | 5 (6.8) | 26 (17.8) | 12 (7.5) | 0.065 |
Sepsis | 2 (2.7) | 13 (8.9) | 9 (5.6) | 0.320 |
Wound complication | 7 (9.3) | 15 (10.3) | 8 (5.0) | 0.522 |
Values are presented as number, number (%), mean±standard deviation, or median (interquartile range)..
PBM, patient blood management; RBC, red blood cell..
This study demonstrated that the implementation of a PBM program led to an increase in the rate of appropriate transfusion and a reduction in transfusion volume within the cardiothoracic surgery department. Among patients undergoing cardiac surgery, gradual decreases were noted in the duration of ICU and hospital stays over the study period. The institution in this study, an Asian regional tertiary hospital, successfully conserved RBCs through systematic PBM and exhibited improved clinical parameters.
Our efforts to establish PBM have centered on education and feedback for trainees and physicians across all departments. The PBM committee has provided updated hospital transfusion guidelines and organized conferences for trainees and physicians at our hospital. As part of the feedback program, we implemented a mandatory pop-up checkbox in the order communication system, requiring physicians to review transfusion guidelines when administering blood to patients. Additionally, we offered feedback to physicians and trainees who administered blood contrary to the guidelines (deemed inappropriate transfusion) for more than 10 units per month. Following implementation of the PBM strategy, transfusion practices in the thoracic and cardiovascular surgery department demonstrated improvement compared to the period before PBM was introduced. The threshold for hemoglobin levels triggering transfusion was lowered, the proportion of appropriate transfusions (those meeting hospital guidelines) increased, and the average number of RBC transfusions per patient decreased. This PBM program was successfully implemented in the thoracic and cardiovascular surgery department at our hospital. Despite the increase in the rate of appropriate transfusion during the study period, the overall proportion of these transfusions remained low, at approximately 50%. The primary reason for this low rate was the selection of incorrect indications for transfusion, often made by trainees or physicians via the pop-up element. Therefore, enhancing education on proper transfusion practices for trainees and physicians may further improve the rate of appropriate transfusion.
RBC transfusion has been associated with increased morbidity and mortality in thoracic and cardiovascular surgery [3,11,12]. Despite the implementation of guidelines aimed at reducing blood transfusions as well as overall PBM programs, the volume of transfusions has continued to rise in cardiothoracic surgery, in contrast to other surgical fields such as orthopedic surgery, vascular surgery, and neurosurgery [6,13]. This trend can be attributed to the fact that patients undergoing thoracic and cardiovascular surgery are often older, have comorbidities, are taking antiplatelet agents, and undergo complex surgical procedures. However, despite the relatively high risk of transfusion in cardiothoracic surgery, PBM has not been as widely adopted in Asian countries as it has been in Europe [14,15]. In an effort to conserve blood and enhance the quality of care, our institute has made a concerted effort to introduce a PBM program to all healthcare workers in our hospital.
In 2011, the Society for Thoracic Surgeons (STS) released an updated clinical practice guideline document that outlined blood conservation strategies. These strategies were designed to minimize bleeding and blood loss, thereby improving outcomes for patients undergoing cardiac surgery [16,17]. The guidelines recommended blood conservation methods, including the use of intraoperative cell salvage and antifibrinolytics to reduce perioperative bleeding. However, a 2011 update on blood conservation strategies by the STS and the Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists did not lead to a reduction in the rate of blood transfusions among patients undergoing cardiac surgery [16]. This was attributed to the low rate of guideline implementation by physicians [6,18]. The 2017 European guidelines on PBM for adult cardiac surgery provided practical advice for physicians specializing in PBM within this surgical field [19].
Our committee focused on education and feedback via the use of a CDSS. We developed and implemented a guideline-based protocol for appropriate RBC transfusion in our OCS. Consequently, every physician and trainee was required to evaluate the protocol for appropriate transfusion with each RBC prescription. The committee also monitored prescriptions and issued warnings to physicians who administered inappropriate transfusions to patients. The efficacy of CDSS usage for PBM has been demonstrated in previous studies [20,21]. Butler et al. [22] revealed that the implementation of a CDSS improved compliance with restrictive transfusion practices in hematology. Our institute integrated an electronic CDSS into the OCS, which facilitated the monitoring of appropriate RBC prescriptions and the provision of feedback to doctors. This is a crucial factor in the successful implementation of PBM. The improved outcomes were consistent across other medical and surgical departments within our hospital [9].
The 3 pillars of PBM are optimizing erythropoiesis, minimizing iatrogenic blood loss, and improving physiological reserve [23]. The first pillar involves detecting and managing anemia; patients with anemia should be diagnosed and treated with appropriate medications before and after surgery. The second pillar focuses on minimizing blood loss by assessing bleeding risk, minimizing phlebotomy, ensuring meticulous hemostasis, utilizing cell saver technology, and preventing coagulopathy. The third pillar emphasizes the importance of accurately assessing a patient’s capacity to tolerate blood loss and enhancing cardiopulmonary function to support restrictive transfusion strategies. Efforts to reduce the use of blood products are grounded in this 3-pillar matrix of blood management. First, the committee recommends that patients with anemia scheduled for surgery should undergo consultation with hematology to boost erythropoiesis and address underlying causes. Second, during surgery, meticulous control of bleeding, coagulation factor testing (including thromboelastography, thromboelastometry, and rotational thromboelastometry), and the administration of antifibrinolytic agents are strongly advised. Third, after surgery, it is recommended to restrict transfusions based on hemodynamic stability and hemodilution conditions. All 3 processes should be conducted in accordance with available recommendations [10,24].
This study had limitations due to its retrospective design. The characteristics of patients included in each period (pre-PBM, education, and feedback) may have varied due to a range of diagnoses and surgical profiles. Our focus was on evaluating the impact of PBM implementation on hospital-level outcomes. Consequently, we selected the entire cohort of patients admitted to the cardiothoracic surgery department. This resulted in a study cohort with diverse patient diagnoses and surgical profiles, each with different transfusion thresholds. These included patients undergoing pulmonary resection, cardiac surgery, thoracostomy, and medical treatment. We reviewed the hospital guidelines for RBC transfusion, which are not specific to any disease group. As such, distinct transfusion guidelines exist for certain disease groups, including myocardial infarction, stroke, and conditions with unstable hemodynamics. For patients undergoing cardiac surgery, adherence to these detailed recommendations is necessary [7,25-27].
To assess changes in clinical outcomes during the study period following the implementation of PBM, we examined early outcomes such as 30-day mortality, durations of ICU and hospital stays, and incidence rates of pneumonia, sepsis, and wound complications. We observed no significant differences in these early outcomes throughout the study period. Further research is necessary to evaluate the relationship between the PBM protocol and clinical outcomes.
The implementation of a PBM program successfully reduced the hemoglobin threshold for RBC transfusion and increased the rate of appropriate transfusion in cardiothoracic surgery. Although transfusion practices improved, clinical outcomes were comparable to those observed before the PBM program was put in place. The integration of an electronic CDSS and feedback program, overseen by a multidisciplinary committee, may contribute to the successful adoption of PBM for trainees and physicians.
Author contributions
Conceptualization: Shin HJ, Kim HJ. Data curation: Kim HJ. Formal analysis: Kim HJ. Investigation: Kim HJ, Shin HJ, Lee SW, Kim JE, Heo S, Lee SH, Son HS Jung JS. Methodology: Kim HJ. Validation: Jung JS. Writing–original draft: Kim HJ, Shin HJ, Lee SW, Kim JE, Heo S, Lee SH, Son HS, Jung JS. Approval of final manuscript: all authors.
Conflict of interest
No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.
Funding
This research was supported by grant from Patient-Centered Clinical Research Coordinating Center (PACEN) funded by the Ministry of Health & Welfare, Republic of Korea (grant No. HC23C0104).
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to extend their gratitude to R.N. Mi Kyung Lee at the Bloodless Medicine Center.
Table 1 . Profiles of patients receiving RBC transfusion admitted to the cardiothoracic surgery department.
Variable | Pre-PBM (January–December 2017) | PBM education (early 2018–mid-2019) | PBM feedback (mid-2019–end of 2020) |
---|---|---|---|
No. of patients | 132 | 175 | 178 |
Isolated CABG | 20 (15.2) | 42 (24.0) | 35 (19.7) |
Valve surgery | 39 (29.5) | 60 (34.3) | 28 (15.7) |
Aortic surgery | 14 (10.6) | 5 (2.9) | 23 (12.9) |
Esophageal surgery | 1 (0.8) | 14 (8.0) | 14 (7.9) |
Lung surgerya) | 16 (12.1) | 15 (8.6) | 10 (5.6) |
Other surgeryb) | 26 (19.7) | 26 (14.9) | 40 (22.5) |
Medical carec) | 16 (12.1) | 13 (7.4) | 18 (10.1) |
No. of RBC transfusions | 535 | 701 | 963 |
No. of appropriate transfusions | 128 | 245 | 561 |
Ratio of appropriate transfusion (%) | 23.9 | 35.0 | 58.3 |
Values are presented as number or number (%)..
RBC, red blood cell; PBM, patient blood management; CABG, coronary artery bypass grafting..
a)Lung surgery refers to lung resection. b)Other surgery included procedures for cardiac tumors, transplantation, and heart injury. c)Medical care encompassed observation and chest tube management..
Table 2 . Hemoglobin level triggering red blood cell transfusion according to PBM period.
Period | Hemoglobin <7 g/dL | 7 g/dL≤ hemoglobin <10 g/dL | Hemoglobin ≥10 g/dL | Total units |
---|---|---|---|---|
Pre-PBM | 78 (14.6) | 364 (68.0) | 93 (17.4) | 535 (100.0) |
PBM education | 90 (12.8) | 537 (76.6) | 74 (10.6) | 701 (100.0) |
PBM feedback | 128 (13.3) | 731 (75.9) | 104 (10.8) | 963 (100.0) |
Values are presented as number (%)..
PBM, patient blood management..
Table 3 . Baseline characteristics of the cardiac surgery cohort.
Characteristic | Pre-PBM | PBM education | PBM feedback | p-value |
---|---|---|---|---|
No. of patients | 75 | 146 | 160 | |
Age (yr) | 65.62±9.61 | 64.99±10.28 | 68.25±9.86 | 0.127 |
Female | 31 (41.3) | 55 (37.7) | 48 (30.0) | 0.172 |
Body mass index (kg/m2) | 24.5±3.51 | 23.90±3.88 | 24.91±3.26 | 0.07 |
Hypertension | 13 (17.3) | 42 (28.8) | 51 (31.9) | 0.064 |
Diabetes mellitus | 38 (50.7) | 69 (47.3) | 80 (50.0) | 0.851 |
Hyperlipidemia | 8 (10.7) | 26 (17.8) | 26 (16.2) | 0.376 |
Stroke | 9 (12.0) | 16 (11.0) | 17 (10.6) | 0.951 |
Hemoglobin (mg/dL) | 12.68±2.02 | 12.37±1.92 | 12.55±2.18 | 0.451 |
Coronary artery bypass grafting | 38 (50.7) | 70 (47.9) | 110 (68.6) | 0.001 |
Valve surgery | 39 (52.0) | 86 (58.9) | 59 (36.9) | <0.001 |
Values are presented as number, mean±standard deviation, or number (%)..
PBM, patient blood management..
Table 4 . Clinical outcomes according to PBM implementation period in cardiac surgery cohort.
Variable | Pre-PBM | PBM education | PBM feedback | p-value |
---|---|---|---|---|
No. of patients | 75 | 146 | 160 | |
Patients undergoing transfusion | 51 (68.0) | 100 (68.5) | 64 (40.0) | <0.001 |
Mean no. of RBC transfusions per patient | 2.71±7.25 | 1.63±2.81 | 1.61±1.88 | <0.001 |
Mortality (≤30 day) | 3 (4.0) | 10 (6.8) | 9 (5.6) | 0.687 |
Intensive care unit stay (day) | 2.52±6.77 | 1.82±3.00 | 1.66±1.98 | 0.302 |
Hospital stay (day) | 13 (11–18) | 12 (10–16) | 11 (10–15) | <0.001 |
Pneumonia | 5 (6.8) | 26 (17.8) | 12 (7.5) | 0.065 |
Sepsis | 2 (2.7) | 13 (8.9) | 9 (5.6) | 0.320 |
Wound complication | 7 (9.3) | 15 (10.3) | 8 (5.0) | 0.522 |
Values are presented as number, number (%), mean±standard deviation, or median (interquartile range)..
PBM, patient blood management; RBC, red blood cell..